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There are many relational, descriptive & modifier roots that commonly show up in toponyms
scattered all over Europe & the United States
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ABER - Cornish/ Welsh = mouth [of a river]
e.g. Aberdeen
ALB - Indo-European = hill/ mountain
e.g. Albania
AY, Y, EY - Old English/ Old Norse = island
e.g. Orkney
BAR(R)/ BARð - Old French/ Norse Gaelic = ridge, heights
e.g. Svalbard
BOURNE/ BURN - Old English = stream
e.g. Melbourne
DALE - Old English/ Norse = valley
e.g. Rosedale
DEAN/ DEN/ DON - Old English (denu)= valley Alt = hill / down
e.g London
GATE - Old Norse = road
e.g. Harrowgate
HOLM - Old Swedish = island or inlet
e.g. Stockholm
ING - Old English = the people of
e.g. Nottingham
LET - French diminutive = small
e.g a Hamlet
LEA/ LEY/ LEIGH/ LY - Old English = woodland clearing
e.g. Beverly
MARCH/ MARCH/ MARK - Germanic = woodland/ borderland
e.g. Denmark
MORE - Irish/ Scotts = great/ large
e.g. Strathmore
POOL - Old English = harbor
e.g. Liverpool
WALL/ WALLA/ WILLA - Old English = foreigners
e.g. Kirkwall
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