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There are many relational, descriptive & modifier roots that commonly show up in toponyms 

scattered all over Europe & the United States      

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ABER - Cornish/ Welsh = mouth [of a river]                                           
e.g. Aberdeen
ALB - Indo-European = hill/ mountain                                         
e.g. Albania
AY, Y, EY - Old English/ Old Norse = island                                         
e.g. Orkney ​​​
BAR(R)/ BARð  - Old French/ Norse Gaelic = ridge, heights 
e.g. Svalbard
BOURNE/ BURN - Old English = stream                                               
e.g. Melbourne ​​​​
DALE - Old English/ Norse = valley                                                     
e.g. Rosedale ​​​​
DEAN/ DEN/ DON - Old English (denu)= valley  Alt = hill / down 
e.g London ​​​​
GATE - Old Norse = road                                                                     
e.g. Harrowgate ​​
HOLM - Old Swedish = island or inlet                                                   
e.g. Stockholm
ING - Old English = the people of                                                           
e.g. Nottingham ​​​
LET - French diminutive = small                                                           
e.g a Hamlet ​​
LEA/ LEY/ LEIGH/ LY - Old English = woodland clearing 
e.g. Beverly ​​​
MARCH/ MARCH/ MARK - Germanic = woodland/ borderland
e.g. Denmark
MORE - Irish/ Scotts = great/ large                                                         
e.g. Strathmore ​​​
POOL - Old English = harbor                                                               
e.g. Liverpool
WALL/ WALLA/ WILLA - Old English  = foreigners
e.g. Kirkwall

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